Обучение географии на английском языке.
В условиях глобализации изучение географии на английском языке становится всё более востребованным. Наши педагоги разработали специальный курс, который ориентирован на широкий круг слушателей - тех, кто работает или будет работать
в сфере мирового туризма, решения экологических проблем, кому необходимо понимать структуру мирового хозяйства. Курс состоит из 26 лекций и практических занятий к ним.Предлагаем Вашему вниманию первое вводное занятие - Лекция 1
Тема: Географическая карта. Координаты. Легенда карты.
The Science of Geography
The word “geography” comes from the Greek word geo, meaning “earth” and graphein, meaning “description”. Generally it is the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. It was a Greek scientist Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.) who first used this word. Geography as a science grew out from the attempts of early people to describe what they had seen on their travels. Today those who study geograghy describe and analyze the earth in order to explain what is where, why it is there and what significance it has.
Let's recall that our planet, Earth, is only one of the 8 planets in our solar system. 8, not 9, because in the year of 2006 Pluto was taken away from the list of planets. 
Now it is the second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System (after Eris) and the tenth-largest body observed directly orbiting the Sun. A planet, is a celestial body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity. The four smaller inner planets; Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, also called the
terrestrial planets, are primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, also called the gas giants, are composed largely of hydrogen and helium and are far more massive than the terrestrials.
Earth is the third planet in distance from the Sun which is 149.6 million kilometers away. It is the fifth largest of the eight planets in the solar system, and the largest of the terrestrial planets in the Solar System in terms of diameter, mass and density. It is also referred to as the World, the Blue Planet, and Terra.
Geography is a unique discipline as it is borderline. It touches all the other disciplines. Generally it can be split into two main sub fields: human geography and physical geography.
Physical geography (or physiogeography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere). Physical geography can be divided into the following broad categories:
Biogeography (the study of the distribution of biodiversity over space and time. It aims to reveal where organisms live, and at what abundance.)
Climatology (the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences.)
Environmental geography ( the branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world.)
Geodesy (scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space.)
Geomorphology (the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them.)
Glaciology (the study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.)
Hydrology (the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout Earth, and thus addresses both the hydrologic cycle and water resources.)
Hydrography (the measurement of physical characteristics of waters and marginal land. Hydrography generally refers to the measurement and description of any waters, and specifically refers to those measurements and descriptions of navigable waters necessary for safe navigation of vessels.
Oceanography and limnology are subsets of hydrography.)
Meteorology ( the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting (in contrast with climatology).
Pedology (the study of soils in their natural environment.)
Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with various environments. It encompasses human, political, cultural, social, and economic aspects. While the major focus of human geography is not the physical landscape of the Earth (see physical geography), it is hardly possible to discuss human geography without referring to the physical landscape on which human activities are being played out, and environmental geography is emerging as a link between the two. Human geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:
Cultural geography (the study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant, from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially.)
Development geography (the study of the Earth's geography with reference to the standard of living and quality of life of its human inhabitants.)
Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the Earth.
Health geography is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care
Historical geography
is the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past.
If I’m not mistaken, it was Vernadskiy, who said that geography is history in space (spatial history) and history is temporal geography.
Political geography
( the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.)
Population geography
(the study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places.)
Transportation Geograph
y is the branch of geography that investigates spatial interactions, let them be of people, freight and information
Geography of Tourism is the study of travel and tourism, as an industry and as a social and cultural activity.
The round Earth on flat paper
A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes.
Many maps are static two-dimensional, geometrically accurate (or approximately accurate) representations of three-dimensional space, while others are dynamic or interactive, even three-dimensional.
Many, but not all, maps are drawn to a scale, expressed as a ratio such as 1:10,000, meaning that 1 of any unit of measurement on the map corresponds exactly, or approximately, to 10,000 of that same unit on the ground.
Maps that depict the surface of the Earth also use a projection, a way of translating the three-dimensional real surface of the geoid to a two-dimensional picture.
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on Earth to be specified in three coordinates, using mainly a spherical coordinate system.
Latitude (abbreviation: Lat., φ, or phi) is the angle from a point on the Earth's surface to the equatorial plane, measured from the center of the sphere. Lines joining points of the same latitude are called parallels, which trace concentric circles on the surface of the Earth, parallel to the equator. The north pole is 90° N; the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Longitude (abbreviation: Long., λ, or lambda) is the angle east or west of a reference meridian between the two geographical poles to another meridian that passes through an arbitrary point. All meridians are halves of great circles, and are not parallel. They converge at the north and south poles.
A line passing to the rear of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich (near London in the UK) has been chosen as the international zero-longitude reference line, the Prime Meridian. Places to the east are in the eastern hemisphere, and places to the west are in the western hemisphere. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E.
